KANE GeoTech, Inc. - A leader in geotechnical engineering.
TIME DOMAIN REFLECTOMETRY
KANE GeoTech, Inc. is an experienced installer of Time Domain Reflectometry (TDR) systems for slope monitoring. We can tailor installations to the client's preferences. Some clients prefer that we monitor their sites and report our findings. Others wish to have packages installed and be trained to do their own in-house monitoring. Packages are custom assemblies of electronic equipment from other suppliers. They can be purchased from KANE GeoTech, Inc. or are available for rental. We have also developed TDRPlot© software for plotting cable signatures.
Current Slope Monitoring Techniques
Current practice for monitoring slopes uses surveying to track the movements of targets on the slope surface, extensometers which record the movement of a wire firmly attached to the slope, tiltmeters, or inclinometers. Inclinometers are the most common means for the long-term monitoring of slopes.
Installing an inclinometer involves boring a hole into the embankment surface and casing it with a slotted PVC pipe. The casing is flexible enough to deform as the slope moves. Periodically, an inclinometer probe is lowered down the casing and retracted. The probe uses accelerometers to determine the direction of gravity and the stored data is used to depict the shape of the casing at the time of reading.
Current Techniques: Disadvantages
Inclinometers have certain disadvantages. The chief one is that data recording is time-consuming. An operator must physically visit the site to record each inclinometer hole. The probe must be lowered to the bottom of each hole and time allowed to equilize the probe temperature with the ambient temperature in the hole. The operator must record data, usually by pushing a button, at each interval and pull the probe up to the next location to be read. Once the data has been collected, the probe must be turned 180º and the process repeated. This is done for every inclinometer hole on a particular site. Among the other drawbacks associated with using inclinometers are the relatively high cost of inclinometer casing and the limiting factor of hole depth. For very deep holes, the cable that supports the probe must be specially manufactured to prevent it from stretching under its own weight in the hole. In addition, the data must be plotted, usually off-site, before any movement can be determined.
Time Domain Reflectometry: A New Approach
Time domain reflectometry (TDR) is a new approach to monitoring landslide and embankment stability. Originally developed to locate breaks and faults in communication and power lines, TDR can be used to monitor the movement of earth slopes. Data collection consists of simply attaching a TDR cable tester to a coaxial cable grouted in a borehole, and taking a reading. The basic principle of TDR is similar to that of radar as shown at right. An electrical pulse is sent down the coaxial cable. When the pulse encounters a break or deformation in the cable, it is reflected. The reflection shows as a "spike" on the characteristic cable signature, as shown below.
The relative magnitude and rate of displacement, and the location of the zone of deformation can be determined immediately and accurately. The figure below compares an inclinometer readings with TDR signatures from the same location. The size of the spike increase correlates with the magnitude of movement on the ground surface as shown by the inclinometer.
The Advantages of Time Domain Reflectometry
- Lower cost per foot of installation.
Coaxial cable costs between 2 and 38 percent of inclinometer casing. - No limit on hole depth.
Inclinometers are limited by the depth of the hole. Inclinometers in deep holes require special winches and cables due to the extreme weight of the equipment. All TDR monitoring equipment remains at the surface. Only an inexpensive, easily placed cable is grouted into the ground. - Rapid hold monitoring.
It takes a few minutes to read any TDR cable regardless of its length (up to 15 km!). Inclinometers can be extremely time-consuming, especially for deep holes requiring many readings. We have installed TDR cables in holes as deep as 272 m. In some instances, all holes at a site can be accessed from a single location. - Difficult installations.
KANE GeoTech, Inc. Inc. has installed TDR cables in angled boreholes, and isolated monitoring in deep zones below a moving upper zone. Neither installation could have been done with an inclinometer. - Safety.
TDR cables can be read at a distance from a moving slope or, if installed in a traffic lane, safely behind a barrier. - Immediate deformation determination
With TDR, the location of any movement is determined immediately at the site. It is usually not necessary to reduce the data using additional software. - Convenient.
We have installed TDR monitoring systems in vehicular traffic lanes so that monitoring can continue without interrupting traffic flow. TDR can be installed with conventional drilling or even cone penetrometer (CPT) equipment. - Remote data acquisition.
TDR is digital information. An on-site remote monitoring station can be installed for relatively little additional cost. Cellular phones, conventional phone lines, radios and satellite communications can be used to monitor any slope from anywhere on earth. It can easily be bundled with other instruments such as extensometers, inclinometers, rain gauges and piezometers.
Publications
Kane, W. F., Beck, T. J., Anderson, N. O., and Perez, H. (1996). "Remote Monitoring of Unstable Slopes Using Time Domain Reflectometry." Proceedings, Eleventh Thematic Conference and Workshops on Applied Geologic Remote Sensing, ERIM, Ann Arbor, MI, II, 431-440.
Kane, W. F., and Beck, T. J. (1996). "Rapid Slope Monitoring.." Civil Engineering, American Society of Civil Engineers, New York, 66 (6), 56-58.
Kane, W. F. and Beck, T. J. (1996). "An Alternative Monitoring System for Unstable Slopes." Geotechnical News, 14 (3), 24-26.
Beck, T. J., and Kane, W. F. (1996). "Current and Potential Uses of Time Domain Reflectometry for Geotechnical Monitoring." Proceedings, 47th Highway Geology Symposium, Cody, WY., Wyoming Department of Transportation, 94-103.
Anderson, N. O., Gwinnup-Greeen, M. D., and Kane, W. F. (1996). "Monitoring of Embankment Stability Using Embedded Coaxial Cables." Proceedings, 1996 Annual Conference, Association of State Dam Safety Officials, Seattle, WA.
Kane, W. F., and Beck, T. J. (1996). "An Alternative Monitoring System for Unstable Slopes." AEG NEWS, Association of Engineering Geologists, 39 (3), 24-26.
Kane, W. F. and Parkinson, W. A. (1998). "Remote Landslide Monitoring Including Time Domain Reflectometry." Training Manual, KANE GeoTech, Inc., Stockton
Kane, W. F. (1998). "Embankment Monitoring Time Domain Reflectometry." Proceedings, 5th International Conference on Tailings and Mine Waste ‘98, Fort Collins, CO, 223-230.